what happened in ussr in the 1930s

There was justifiable mistrust on both sides, and the Western powers handled the negotiations reluctantly and clumsily. Some undertakings were ill-considered: the Baltic–White Sea Canal, supposedly completed in 1933, employed some 200,000–300,000 forced labourers but proved almost useless. 1914: World War I breaks out in the Balkans, pitting Britain, France, Italy, Russia, Serbia, USA and Japan against Austria, Germany and Turkey (400,000 Russian soldiers die in 1914 alone) 1916: Russia has already suffered almost two million deaths in WWI . Hitler’s accession to power in Germany had been facilitated by Moscow’s refusal to let the German Communist Party cooperate against him with the Social Democrats and others. Japan gets some territorial gain in the pacific. The fuse was first lit at the beginning of the 1930s, when Japan's aggressive Kwantung Army—on its own initiative—occupied China's Manchurian … In the two latter cases (and in certain others) Stalin sought to have the offenders executed and was thwarted by a Politburo majority. At this time a further social and economic component of the Stalinist system became very important. The method as stated was no more than a rationalization (in the Taylorian or Fordian sense) of the arrangements for clearing debris, keeping machines ready, and so on, and in fact it involved a large effort by a support team of de-emphasized assistants. On the other hand, the great Dneproges dam was a generally successful hydroelectric project on the largest scale. The FBI under J. Edgar Hoover went after gangsters, and Franklin D. Roosevelt became synonymous with the decade with his New Deal and "fireside chats." Thousands of writers, artists, scientists and political leaders were executed or exiled. p.337 A Russian document referred to "2,836 Americans" held in the Komi Republic, in the far north of European Russia during the 1950s. What Happened to Spanish Children Sent to the USSR in the 1930s? All independence of mind on the part of any of the Stalinist leadership had effectively vanished. The Communist Party itself was ruthlessly purged. Meanwhile, not only in the U.S.S.R. but in the communist movement the world over, “Stakhanovite” became the favourite word for a “shock worker” in any economic—or political—field. The former oppositionists had been, in the case of most of the Leftists, readmitted to the party; the Rightists had never been expelled. And these cases were presented as the crucial element in the country’s public life. Soviet Union - Soviet Union - Into the war: 1940–45: The period between the Pact of 1939 and the German invasion saw internal consolidation. And there were, from Stalin’s point of view, further signs of insubordination. During the 1930s, Stalin sought to eliminate all barriers to his complete and total exercise of power. From November 1932 a single day’s unauthorized absence from work became punishable by instant dismissal. In the Communist Party the Stalinist grip had become complete in 1930 with the expulsion of Bukharin, Tomsky, and Rykov from the Politburo and Rykov’s replacement as chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars (the leading group of government administrators). Famine in USSR. In literature the dogmatic RAPPists were discredited, and a new Union of Soviet Writers held its first Congress in 1934 under the new doctrine of “Socialist Realism.” Although the new policy was less overtly restrictive of the arts, this too was used for the rest of the Stalin period as a criterion for silencing or purging independent voices. At the same time Stalin, Molotov, Yezhov, and others called for great vigilance in the struggle against hostile elements in the party and outside it. Great Depression USSR Collectivizes Agriculture Pluto Discovered. Hitler, planning his attack on Poland, understood these signals and initiated serious contacts with Moscow. After the executions the only survivors of Lenin’s last Politburo were Stalin and Trotsky, the latter in exile in Mexico. This reflected the Soviet desire of territorial gains. And there was a noticeable, if not a major, thaw, including the end of bread rationing in 1935. There is little doubt that Stalin sponsored this murder through Yagoda. The Great Purge, also known as the Great Terror, marks a period of extreme persecution and oppression in the Soviet Union during the late 1930s. It is impossible to estimate such intangibles as the level of genuine enthusiasm among the Komsomols sent into the industrial plants or how long such enthusiasm lasted. Major events in the last 100 years. The country was blanketed in extremes of adulation. 1924-1929: Joseph Stalin consolidates power; inaugurates first Five-Year Plan, collectivizes agriculture, industrializes; famine returns. From the early 1930s onwards Stalin ruthlessly tightened his grip on the country. But in any case the West was offering a pact that might or might not deter Hitler and that might lead to Soviet involvement in an uncertain war if it did not; whereas Hitler’s offer was of a great increase in Soviet territory and, at least for the present, peace. The 1930s were dominated by the Great Depression in the United States and the rise of Nazi Germany in Europe. Сборная России по футболу", "Кузнецов Анатолий- Биография - Актеры советского и российского кино", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1930_in_the_Soviet_Union&oldid=972178165, Articles needing additional references from August 2020, All articles needing additional references, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 10 August 2020, at 16:32. This culminated in the much publicized Stakhanovite movement. The country was submitted to an intensive campaign against hidden “enemies of the people.” This manifested itself both in a series of public, or publicized, trials, and in a massive terror operation against the population as a whole. In 1936 a new constitution (often called the Stalin constitution) came into effect, guaranteeing all manner of human rights. The Soviets provided a few hundred tanks and aircraft and a few thousand military specialists, and in addition as many as 42,000 volunteers of the International Brigades were largely raised by the Comintern. set impossibly high quotas to increase output of steel, coal, oil, and electricity to reach targets limiting consumer goods. Pluto was discovered as the solar system's ninth planet. At the same time unemployment relief was abolished on the grounds that there was “no more unemployment.” In January 1931 came the first law introducing prison sentences for violation of labour discipline—confined for the time being to railwaymen. It was not until the early 1960s that the population became equally urban and rural. It is now clear that Stalin had no intention of becoming involved militarily. By the early 1940s, the problem of mass illiteracy was by and large solved. Later in the year Stalin insisted on nearly doubling this rate. The mass graves of the victims remained secret until the late 1980s. His First Five Year Plan called for rapid industrialization and "collectivization" of small peasant farms under government control. As a result of the 16th Congress, held in June–July 1930, and a plenum of the Central Committee in December of that year, the Politburo consisted solely of Stalinists: Stalin, Kliment Voroshilov, Lazar Kaganovich, Mikhail Kalinin, Kirov, Stanislav Kossior, Valerian Kuybyshev, Molotov, Sergo (Grigory) Ordzhonikidze, and Yan Rudzutak, with Anastas Mikoyan, Vlas Chubar, and Grigory Petrovsky as candidate members, while Andrey Andreyev was head of the Central Control Commission, the party’s disciplinary body. However, the real breakthrough happened in 1930 when universal primary education was introduced in the USSR. The industrial growth rate originally laid down was 18–20 percent (in fact, this had already been achieved, at least on paper). The cultural world also suffered: several hundred writers were executed or died in camps, including such figures as Osip Mandelshtam, Boris Pilnyak, and Isaak Babel. Joseph Stalin had shared power with Zinoviev and Kamenev in the time after the death of Lenin (1924) and he had no intention of ever being put in that position again. (It should be noted that from 1926 to 1934 the chairman of this commission did not serve in the Politburo: Ordzhonikidze 1926–30; Andreyev 1930–31; Rudzutak from 1931.) Between 1929 and 1932, some 12.5 million new hands were reported to have entered urban work, 8.5 million of them from the countryside (though it was ruled that kulaks should not be given jobs in the factories). These years had in fact seen the establishment of a new social and economic system. Arizona scientists reveal their newest discovery -- a ninth planet they name Pluto, … 6th January » The first Diesel engine diesel-engined automobile trip is completed, from Indianapolis Indianapolis, Indiana, to New York City New York, New York. This unpopularity could not be expressed in a normal fashion, but there were many press reports of sabotage of, or assaults on, Stakhanovites by “backward” workers. This was to be supported by a socialized agriculture. The officer corps as a whole lost about half its members. A planned economy was to be introduced with, as its first task, the direction of all possible resources into intensive industrialization. One result was that there were continual organizational problems. At first these approaches bore no fruit, but in his policy speech to the 18th Party Congress in March 1939, Stalin announced that the U.S.S.R. would not help “warmongers” who wanted others to “pull their chestnuts out of the fire,” and Maksim Litvinov, the spokesman for collective security, was removed as People’s Commissar for Foreign Affairs a few weeks later. At the same time, pay and rations were linked to productivity. In May 1935 a Franco-Soviet treaty of mutual assistance was signed, and a Soviet-Czechoslovak treaty followed a few weeks later, though this treaty was only to take effect if France also came to the aid of the country under attack. In May 1937 eight senior generals, headed by Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky, were arrested, tortured, and, on June 11, shot on the usual charges. The U.S.S.R. from the death of Lenin to the death of Stalin. ... From about 1928-1953 the Soviet Union was a Stalinist dictatorship. It entirely escaped the negative effects of the Great Depression, which was one more (and the most serious) of the periodic crises of overproduction which are inevitable in a capitalist economy. During the 1930’s the public began to feel the effects of the Great Depression, many designers were restricted in experimenting with new fashions due to the fall in the economy and the rise in employment. At the lower level, of the 2.3 million people who had been party members in 1935, just under half went to execution or died in labour camps. Because the USSR was the only communist state at the time, it had minimal trade contact with the rest of the world. Both cases were mainly concerned with sabotage. The characteristic fault was “giantism”—the party’s inclination to build on the largest and most ostentatious scale. And others came, running from unemployment and eager to help build socialism. 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